我是ｌｏｗｅｒ ｓｉｘ的学生～我下个星期就要考试了～可是老师什么都没有教到～
我很需要一些里面大概的资料～还是一些复习都可以！谢谢！

只是考chapter 1？

是的～不过我觉得chapter 1 就有很多东西了
water~carbohydrate~protein~lipid~transport ~osmosis！！！
谁有这些ｎｏｔｅ啊？

1) Monosaccharides            They are the simplest soluble sugar. Depending    on the number of carbon atoms present, monosaccharides are further               classified as: a) trioses ®  (3  carbons) C3H6O3         e.g. glyceraldehyde                           b) pentoses ®  (5 carbons) C5H10O5  e.g. ribose and deoxyribose   c) hexoses ® (6         carbons) C6H12O6         e.g. glucose       Glucose C6H12O6 is a  basic form of fuel in all living things. It is soluble in blood plasma   and water and so it is transported by body fluids to all cells in the  body. In cells it is metabolized and releases energy. Glucose is also       the main product of photosynthesis and also an initiating material for         cellular respiration.
2)        Disaccharides: These carbohydrates contain two monosaccharides linked together and accordingly they are known as:        (a)Disaccharide : contains two monosaccharides e.g. lactose, maltose, sucrose
  Maltose ® Glucose +  Glucose                  
Sucrose ®  Glucose + Fructose
Lactose ®  Glucose + Galactose            

                             Click here to enlarge            

(b) trisaccharide: containing 3 monosaccharides. e.g. raffinose                        (c) tetrasaccharide: containing 4 monosaccharide e.g stachyose3) Polysaccharides             General formula n (C6H10O5).  These complex carbohydrates are formed by chains of at least ten  monosaccharides.             They are of two types:                          
(a) Homoglycans: containing only one type               of monosaccharide (e.g. glycogen,                         starch,         cellulose,               contain only glucose molecules). Starch is a very important               polysaccharide because it is formed                         through a chain               of hundreds or thousands of glucose units. Carbohydrates in plants               are                         stored in the form of starches. Starch contained               in energy rich food like rice, corn, and potatoes form part of the               staple diet of most people.                  

            

                        

Starch               Click here to enlarge            

A second important polysaccharide is glycogen. Glycogen  also contains thousands of glucose chains; the difference from starch though is in its branching pattern. Glucose is stored in the human  liver in the form of glycogen.  Another important polysaccharide is cellulose.Cellulose is used primarily as a structural carbohydrate. It is also composed of glucose units, linked in a different orientation but the units cannot  be released from one another except by a few species of organisms. Wood  is formed from cellulose. Even the cell wall of all plants is made up of cellulose. Cotton and paper are also cellulose products.            
(b) Heteroglucans: contain more than  one type of monosaccharide linked together (e.g. mucilage, gum etc.)

[ 本帖最后由 carmen 于 2008-7-19 16:51 编辑 ]

Proteins are the fundamental chemical compounds               of the protoplasm indispensable for vital life processes. They are               complex, large molecules each containing thousands of atoms. proteins               contain nitrogen in addition to carbon, hydrogen and oxygen; they               usually also contain phosphorus and sulfur. These compounds are               polymers of unit structures called amino acids, represented chemically               as:

amino acid

       -NH2 is an amino group, - COOH is the carboxyl         group, ,and R represents the variable chain forming different amino acids.         There are 20 diferent of amino acids. The amino acids differ depending         on the nature of the R group. Examples of. amino acids are valine, alanine,         glutamic acid, tyrosine and histidine.
            Two molecules of amino acids are joined by the               carboxyl group of one ammino acid with the amino group of               the other by loss of one molecule of water. This process is called               dehydration synthesis and the bond thus formed between               two molecules is referred to as the peptide or peptide bond.            

                           

Formation of dipeptide

              Click here to enlarge          There are 3 types of proteins namely :
            (1) Simple proteins: like albumins and globulins               formed by group of amino acids only.
            (2) Derived proteins: like proteose and               peptones which are hydrolytic cleavage products of complex proteins.
            (3) Conjugated proteins: like nucleo proteins               (Proteins + nucleic acid), lipoproteins (protein + lipid), or glycoproteins               (protein + carbohydrates) which are formed by the combination of               proteins with some non-protein molecule. This non-protein portion               is called Prosthetic group.
      All living things require protein for survival. In fact         an organism is constructed by         means of proteins. All living things         then, in any form - liquid, solid, or plasma - contain proteins. Protein         is also seen as a supporting tissue with main tissue. Bone, tendons, muscle,         cartilage, ligaments are all formed of protein.
      Enzymes are a specified class of proteins. Enzymes act as catalysts in         chemical reactions of the body. They are not used up by the reaction,         rather they remain chemically unchanged and available to catalyze succeeding         reactions

thank for carmen~ u are my  angle

Carmen and Star Star Of Fire use same avatar always make me confuse....

haha~sorry ~ i change it

Properties of water

1.POLARITY

-water is a dipolar molecule
-has two charges,oxygen has
aslight negative charge; hydrogen atom has a slight positive charge.
-the positive and negative regions of thewater molecules are attracted to oppositely-charged regions of molecules.
-water molecules can form 4 hydrogen bondwith other water molecule.

Physiology roles:
-provides medium for reaction to takeplace.
-act as a solvent for transport in theblood.
-ionises and act as substrate forphotolysis.
-interact with hydrophobic macromolecules.


2.COHESIVENESS
-Cohesion-the force or mutual attractionbetween like molecules.
-the hydrogen bond between water moleculesresult in strong cohesive forces.
-Cohesion cause the molecules on thesurface of the membrane to be drawn.

Physiology roles:
-Water remove from the plant duringtranspiration.


3.DENSITY
-As water cools, molecules come closer.
-They are densest at 4℃ but still moving about.
-below 4℃, it’s only vibrational movement, hydrogen bondingbecome rigid.
-At 0℃ and below, ice formed and float on the surface forming aninsulating layer.
-it prevent water from freezing in thelower depths.

Physiology roles:
-Aquatics organisms in the ponds and lakescan survive during winter months.
-Habitat for many organisms.






4.SURFACE TENSION
-the force that coz the surface of liquidto contract so that it occupies the least possible area
-coz by the attractive forces that hold themolecules of liquid together.
-the force between the molecules on thesurface of water is stronger
-molecules on the surface water being morestrongly attracted to each other than molecules in the middle of water.

Physiology roles:
-allow the surface film of standing waterto support and provide a habitat for certain aquatic organism.


5.SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY
-water’s thermal properties related toits
specific heat capacity.
-specific heat is the amount of the heat asubstance must absorb per gram to increase its temperature by 1℃.
-specific heat of water higher than otherliquid.
-heat energy must first be used to breakthe hydrogen bond
-water hold heat and its temperature fallslowly.

Physiology roles:
-protect animal from rapid temperaturechanges.
-good thermal buffer.
-a constant body temperature enable enzymesto function optimally


6.LATENT HEAT OF VAPORISATION
-water has high latent heat ofvaporization.
-is the amount of energy required to turnone gram of liquid into a vapour.
-Use a lot of heat energy for evaporisationof sweat.
-if water have low latent heat ofvaporization, pond,lake would dry up more quikly.

Physiology roles:
-enable land invertebrates to survive.
-help to lower our body temperature when wesweat.
-Panting helps to rid the body of excessiveheat in dog and bird.


[ 本帖最后由 carmen 于 2008-7-25 16:36 编辑 ]

         Nucleotides And Nucleic Acid
        
                          Every organism reproduces within its life span. This         is accomplished through cell divisions and is regulated by many kinds         of protiens. The information forsynthesizing unique proteins is located         in the nucleus of the cell. It is called the genetic code which         is the "blue print" for producing specific sequences of the         amino acids in proteins. Thus the genetic code can regulate chemical reaction         going on in the cell.  
                Man’s queries into the nature of cells did not end with         its discovery of general structures. In an attempt to understand the chemical         make up and functional details of the cell he succeeded in discovering         a substance called nucleic acid, made up of long chains of nucleotide         units.
            (A) Nucleotide
             It is the structural unit of nucleic acid. Each nucleotide is               composed of:
            (1) Pentose sugar
        
        (2) Phosphate group
            (3) One of four nitrogen bases attached to the               pentose sugar. A nucleotide without a phosphate group is a nucleoside.

(B) Nucleic acids
             They are complex, large biomolecules formed               of many units called nucleotides.
Nucleic acids are of two types :
            (1) DNA - Deoxyribonucleic acid and, (2) RNA - Ribonucleic               acid
      The DNA of cells contains genetic information in a coded         form, and is only present in the     nucleus of the cellis formed from DNA, plus a few special organelles.RNA and is present in the cytoplasm and         in the nucleus of the cell.      DNA and RNA differ from one another in their components.         DNA contains the pentose sugar, deoxyribose, while RNA contains ribose.         
        

  

[ 本帖最后由 carmen 于 2008-7-25 16:34 编辑 ]